Gather a few hundred IT executives in a room for a day, as we did recently at our CIO Perspectives Forum in New York, and talk of cloud computing billows forth. For CIOs who are already dabbling, projected savings are debated. From bullish analysts and eager vendors, more dazzling benefits are predicted. More on CIO.com Cloud Computing Vendors Seek Common Definition and Goals A Tale of Two Cloud Computing Conferences Cloud Computing: Reality Check From Early Adopters Amazon.com Offers Compiere Enterprise ERP via the Cloud Cloud Vendors: Comparison of Amazon EC2, Google, Skytap and VMware
Yet just as quickly come the caveats. Questions abound on security, reliability and control over corporate data. The biggest shadow of all is cast over what, exactly, cloud computing means.
A recent academic study identified at least 22 definitions of "cloud computing" in common use, from the broad notion of using the Internet to access any sort of managed technology services (a.k.a. SaaS or software as a service) to the wide-eyed optimist's view that a diverse, powerful lineup of cloud services will be delivered in real time by crash-proof distributed servers "without complicated deployment worries."
The sorry economy is prompting more CIOs to explore cloud computing and its cost-cutting promise, says Doug Tracy, former global CTO for Rolls-Royce. "But it's still an idea that a lot of people don't know a whole lot about."
The core attraction of cloud is that companies can avoid buying and running hardware, software and other equipment by contracting with a services vendor to run selected systems or applications on its own infrastructure of virtualized servers. The "services" you purchase are delivered in a standardized, multitenancy fashion that observers say will save one-third to one-half of your current costs.
That's certainly appealing as this recession forces CIOs to seek ever-greater efficiencies from IT infrastructures already as lean as starving wolves.
"We're under tremendous pressure to provide flexibility and agility and to be driving cost models down," says Charles Soto, vice president of IT at Motorola's Broadband Mobility Solutions business, which recently tested cloud computing services for four different applications. But thinking that cloud computing will release an instant reservoir of savings is a mistake, he adds.
To Arthur Winn, head of pricing at BT Group, "cloud" is nothing but a marketing term. The US$41 billion London telecommunications company has been doing what could be considered cloud computing for several years, he says. That is, handing over BT customer calling data to a third party to analyze and then let BT access via the Internet. "As long as we are getting more service for less money each year, we're happy," he says.
Making decisions about an over-hyped, under-delivering technology amid today's unrelenting economic pressures certainly isn't easy. So to help uncloud your thinking, we looked into exactly how several companies across various industries are experimenting with cloud computing.
What we found is that cloud is an umbrella term for many services, including SaaS and virtualization-anything but traditional computing behind the walls of your own data center. If you're worried about being behind the cloud curve, don't be.
Spinning the Hype Cycle
CIOs recognize this latest hype cycle all too well. When client-server computing was all the early-90s' rage, every vendor slapped the term onto its marketing pitch whether it fit or not. Then it was data warehousing lining up to provide a single view of all your customers at the touch of a button. Next came ERP systems intended to replace the disparate best-of-breed software across business operations.
All of these hype-cycled technologies eventually had a significant impact on corporate computing environments, but invariably at much greater complexity and expense than initially promised.
First, a definition of cloud that makes sense to most CIOs: You don't own the software or hardware and, unlike outsourcing, no specific equipment is dedicated only to you. You access the vendor's systems over the Internet in some secured way. For that access, you pay a subscription fee that rises or falls with how much or how often you draw on the vendor's systems.
Google, for example, offers office basics such as e-mail and word processing, with password protection and a per-user fee. Amazon offers substantial systems such as complete e-commerce or storage facilities, and charges per hour or per gigabyte for various configurations. From a newcomer such as Seattle-based Skytap, which provides virtual data center services, you get access to application development and testing environments for a monthly base charge and pay extra for virtual-machine, storage and data-transfer options. Cloud permutations range from network plumbing to business applications (see Cloud Vendors: Comparison of Amazon EC2, Google, Skytap and VMware).
But using a cloud of someone else's technologies isn't as simple as telling Amazon to open its doors to accept your data, then writing a check every month, cautions Motorola's Soto.
He would love to rejigger Motorola's IT to match computing power and cost-to-user demand, whether it falls during a bad economy or rises during a good one. "How do we find a consumption-based model to pay for what we use, to be able to spin them up quickly or shut down without having to be burdened with depreciation schedules in the normal IT process?" he asks.
That idea appeals to many IT leaders considering cloud computing, says Tom Pettibone, managing partner of consulting firm Transition Partners. CIOs have had to design their data centers to take peak loads. But during off-peak times, that capacity sits unused and idling at great expense, Pettibone says. "That costs you every day."
In the Skytap experiment, Motorola put four applications on Skytap servers: a project management tracker, a Web design application, an IT asset management database and a Microsoft Active Directory application. For $1,000, a small group of Motorola employees could test how those applications worked on Skytap's cloud for 30 days.
Motorola is used to getting IT from outside its own walls, with 33 SaaS applications in production, including Salesforce .com. But what the cloud experiments showed, Soto says, is that agility and cost savings come with trade-offs. While he estimates the cost at one-third to one-half of what Motorola normally spends on those applications, Skytap's security needs work, he explains. Motorola's people could see each other's data, he says. "That's very significant."
Plus, adds Sujit Sinha, senior director of IT strategy and architecture at Motorola, complying with Sarbanes-Oxley regulations about segregation of duties in the cloud appears difficult. "We didn't see a way to segregate who has rights to do what," Sinha says. That raises concerns about failing a Sox audit, which requires clear evidence of employee assignments that present no conflicts of interest when handling company financial data.
Skytap is learning from its customers, says Ian Knox, the vendor's director of product management. Security settings can be changed to protect data from the eyes of others, he says. A few weeks after Motorola's test ended, Skytap added several reporting and role-based access features to address Sox concerns, Knox adds. In cloud computing in general, Sinha notes, other issues also need to be worked out, such as who has rights to your data. With no universally accepted terms of what a cloud vendor can and cannot do, he says, "you have to work it out in your contracts."
Despite the obstacles, Motorola is moving forward with its cloud initiatives. Next, they will pilot cloud services from a bigger player and, within the next quarter, they hope to have a small cloud application in production. Says Soto: "We'd do it yesterday if we could."
Price Modeling game changer
At BT, what Winn considers cloud began years ago. Winn's group, which sets rates and deals for cell phone calling plans, had to compete with other departments for time on BT's internal, massively parallel servers. The group couldn't get enough time to run many queries to test new pricing ideas, Winn says, so they looked outside the company for computing power.
BT contracted with Kognitio for "data warehousing as a service," done on the vendor's servers on data BT ships via the Internet. Each month, BT sends the vendor hundreds of millions of call center records, or about 3.6TB of data. Kognitio then performs regression analysis so BT can study customer churn, for example, and what-if scenarios to discover how new price plans would play out.
BT pricing specialists can log in to Kognitio's machines through a Citrix server to play around with the data, making queries using Business Objects tools. "The concept of interested people sharing a common resource has been around forever," Winn says. "It's the model of the combine harvester."
Augmenting its computing resources this way has allowed BT to launch ground-breaking cell phone plans. A few years back, cell phone competition was a race to the lowest per-minute rate.
BT wanted to know whether capped pricing would be profitable. That is, no call would ever cost more than, say, five pence. By applying that theoretical pricing package to a month's worth of real calling data from every BT customer, the company determined that such a scheme would be profitable. So BT went ahead with it. "BT is never going to be the lowest per minute," Winn says. "We needed to change the game."
Winn's group might have done such modeling with Excel spreadsheets on a subset of BT data. But aggregates and averages are a risky way to model, he says. Abstractions can distort results. Working out pricing problems on Kognitio's servers lets BT use actual customer data-and lots of it. "When the answer comes out, it has a lot more credibility," he says. "This isn't a few assumptions in a spreadsheet. It is truly penny perfect."
A Cloud By Any Other Name
Jim Swartz, CIO of Sybase, sees potential in cloud computing but isn't ready to give up his company's data to a third-party host. Instead, he has virtualized Sybase's servers-essentially creating his own private cloud-so he can study the best way to use the architecture.
At Sybase, a private cloud of virtual servers inside its data center has saved nearly $2 million annually since 2006, Swartz says, because the company can share computing power and storage resources across servers. The virtual setup also lets Sybase move data electronically from one physical site to another, for a more agile disaster recovery program.
Whenever you hear the term "private cloud," understand that it's "nothing more than virtualization," notes David Linthicum, principal of Linthicum Group, a consulting firm that specializes in enterprise architecture and Web technologies. Virtualization lets CIOs take advantage of the economics of cloud computing, he says, but within their own walls and under their own control.
Virtualization has certainly saved money for Norton Healthcare, a nonprofit hospital system in Louisville, Ky., although CIO Joe DeVenuto declines to cite exact figures. Norton recently revamped its data center with vendor Emerson Network Power, installing 160 virtual servers. The goal was to milk every drop of computing power and storage capacity from its machines. Virtual servers scale up and down fast, and new ones can be added in less time than it takes to configure a traditional server, DeVenuto notes.
Cloud vendors might be even more efficient than he is, De-Venuto says, but that extra oomph isn't worth the risk of letting go of patient data from Norton's four hospitals, 10 urgent care facilities and 60 doctor's offices. He would consider cloud for disaster recovery, he says, but not for primary computing. "I'm fairly conservative. It's a struggle for me to put patient information in the public cloud."
E-mail Options To explore
One organization more willing to farm out some of its data is the United States Golf Association, which governs the rules of golf and runs 13 championships every year. Daily operations at the USGA rely heavily on their own e-mail system because they are in continual contact with their constituencies, such as state and regional golf associations, USGA members, championship host clubs and the general golfing community. Even an hour of downtime would cause major disruption to this workflow, says Jessica Carroll, managing director of IT.
Carroll wanted to revise an existing e-mail backup plan that would take hours or days to recover. Under that plan, the IT department would handle the entire recovery process, including ordering new hardware to start from scratch. To take the weight off her team's shoulders and to make sure the company wouldn't lose data or productivity, she signed a deal last year with IBM to host a replication of USGA's e-mail system in IBM's data centers.
If a USGA server hits a problem, Carroll can click a button to switch to the replicated version that IBM maintains for her, she says, without USGA users noticing a thing. Then her IT department can fix the internal issues. The e-mail system carries USGA's most critical data, such as membership information and correspondences between the constituents.